百年茂腔推陈出新与时偕行******
茂腔是广泛流传于山东青岛、潍坊、日照等地的地方戏曲剧种,在200多年传承衍化中,形成了“四大京、八大记”等传统代表剧目,在城乡拥有广泛的群众基础。近几年,随着生产发展和生活变迁,一批茂腔新作不断涌现,拓展了剧种选题领域,展现了新时代新风貌。同时,如何处理好舞台表演与展现现代生活的关系、处理好本剧种特色与其他表演形式之间的关系,成为茂腔新剧目创作尤其是现实题材创作所面临的一道思考题。
《山东地方戏曲剧种史料汇编》概述茂腔时提出:“丰富、质朴、精湛的艺术特色,是茂腔深受人民喜爱的重要原因。”作为起源于民间的剧种形态,茂腔与广大群众的生产生活有着密不可分的联系,无论其语言艺术、声腔音乐还是表演风格都有浓郁的生活气息,它还被称为“胶东之花”,在许多剧目中包蕴着胶东一带独特的地域文化与风土人情。像传统茂腔《梁山伯与祝英台·下山》中所唱:“走一洼,又一洼,洼洼长得好庄稼,长得高的是胡秫,长得矮的是芝麻,不高不矮是棉花,棉花地里带西瓜……”语言不仅富有生活气息,还展现了北方农村生动的生活景象,与其他剧种同名剧目在风格上具有一定差异。
时代在变,审美、观念等也会随之发生变化,茂腔进入城市剧场后无疑需要吸收崭新创作元素与舞台手段,但如何从容展现全新的时代和人物形象,又不丢失剧种自身魅力?首先,要从传统基因中发掘鲜活元素,正确处理好“新”与“旧”的关系。
比如,新编茂腔《秧歌乡的故事》围绕“老冯头”、李香兰等三对老人的“黄昏恋”及养老问题这一主线,贯穿胶东国际机场建设、旧房拆迁等事件,既保留了茂腔质朴通俗的风格样貌,又融入胶州大秧歌这一本土艺术符号,将两种艺术形态巧妙融合,就很好地实现了立足传统、开掘出新。值得一提的是,秧歌表演在剧中不仅作为老年人情感的媒介、剧情发展的线索、地域形象的表征,其载歌载舞的特色还与戏曲舞台的“歌舞演故事”高度契合,从而成为舞台叙事的重要组成部分。秧歌既扭出了欢声笑语,营造了情境、烘托了氛围,还作为贯穿全剧的一条副线,与主线交织丰富了全剧的歌化、舞化叙事,呈现出茂腔表演艺术新亮点。正因为抓住了创作规律、找准了切入点,该剧在大量吸收民间音乐、舞蹈元素的同时,展现出熟悉的陌生感、浓烈的地域感和鲜明的时代感,获得了广大受众的高度认可。
其次,戏曲作为场上艺术,无论传统戏还是现代戏,最终都要落在演人物、演故事上,但其方式又区别于案头文学、影视艺术及话剧、歌剧等,在总体呈现上讲求程式性、虚拟性、综合性。因此,其新剧目创作还应在表演的程式化与生活化之间找准尺度。
像茂腔等一些地方戏剧种本身起源于乡土,且传统戏中展现婚姻生活、家长里短的剧目占较大比重,它们不像京、昆等大剧种那样有严谨的规矩范式,反而在表现日常生活、传递人物情感方面有相对丰富的表达空间。但这并不意味着要舍弃程式,而是要通过程式动作与生活动作的圆融,更好地实现舞台空间的虚实相生之美。仍以《秧歌乡的故事》为例,在“老冯头”过生日一场戏中,他的儿女送上了二胡、鸟笼子等生日礼物,却各有各的盘算,尤其是儿媳妇巧真怕拆迁补偿款被打折扣,极力反对“老冯头”和李香兰的恋情,导致一场家庭聚会不欢而散。舞台上以几组可移动的桌子代表酒店包间,空间布局十分简约,众人向“老冯头”献上礼物的动作也被处理得自然流畅,结合了台步、云手等程式表演,既有舞台美感,又有生活气息。这些新场景的展现都是对生活动作加以提炼而完成的,亦达到了戏曲舞台动静相宜的效果。
另外,新剧目尤其是现实题材剧目,因为记录历史进程、讲述时代故事,所展现的内容都是当下的、新鲜的,观众也就不可能像欣赏传统老戏那样对剧情滚瓜烂熟,只管“闭着眼睛听戏”。比如,茂腔现代戏《党费》展现了女共产党员黄新带领战友与敌人斗智斗勇、最终英勇献身的故事;《失却的银婚》揭示了一位曾受百姓爱戴的干部在利益诱惑下跌入贪腐深渊、受到党纪国法严惩的历程……这些新剧目取材的角度较之传统戏更宏大、更丰富,在二度呈现中更需及时扩容舞台理念、技巧及手段。
从此种意义来说,新剧目创作还需要创作者从本剧种规律出发,走进人物内心世界、体验其所经历的喜怒哀乐,灵活调用语言、唱腔、身段、步法等为剧情服务、为塑造人物服务,同时,广泛向其他剧种及表演样式学习,吸收并内化为对本剧种、本剧目有帮助的新方法、新手段,才能更好地呈现“源于生活、高于生活”的艺术真实。(孙丛丛)
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)